Receipt of a pension Pension for foreigners. Kinetic wind energy

More and more migrants from the former CIS countries arrive in Russia in the hope of finding a home here and a quiet, prosperous life. It is not surprising that they are particularly concerned about pension issues, because a large proportion of those arriving to live in the Russian Federation have already reached retirement age or are approaching it. So they turn to the Migration Service with pressing issues, such as who, when and how financial support is due from the state, and in general: is it possible to receive a pension with a residence permit.

The main law of the Russian Federation - the Constitution (part 3, article 62) - guarantees equal rights and obligations with local citizens to foreign citizens living on Russian territory.

Important! The only possible confirmation of residence of foreign citizens and stateless persons on a permanent basis in the Russian Federation is a residence permit. Only this document has legal force and can serve as a basis for issuing benefits and social benefits.

A residence permit for pensioners - citizens of another state - gives the right to receive state support:

• Insurance.

It is paid for old age (on reaching the age of incapacity for work, 60 years for men and 55 for women), on the occasion of the loss of a breadwinner, on disability. Such payments compensate for the income previously received by a person at a time when he was actively engaged in labor activities, as well as when the departed family member was still alive.

• By state security.

First of all, this is a pension for long service, old age and in case of loss of a breadwinner, and this also includes social benefits and payments to the disabled.

• Cumulative.

It can be formed if the future pensioner so desires.

Agree, the Russians receive exactly the same support.

But in order to receive these cash payments, it is necessary that the requirements are met at the same time:

1. There is a residence permit - a legal document for the right to reside in the Russian Federation for 5 years, which can be extended.
2. A foreigner is a member of the compulsory pension insurance program, and the employer pays monthly interest for him to the Pension Fund of Russia, regardless of whether the migrant has concluded a fixed-term or open-ended employment contract with the employer.
3. The person must meet the criteria for the type of support they are seeking. And they are:
   1. seniority- not less than 8 years;
   2. age (60 years for men and 55 for women);
   3. the minimum pension coefficient is 11.4.

Important! Persons performing serious scientific work Those who have reached certain heights in the sciences and public events, engaged in pedagogical activities in the Russian Federation, are recognized as highly qualified specialists and enjoy a special position in Russia.

Employers do not make contributions to the insurance fund for such employees. They are not required to register as an insured person.

Russian laws guarantee that pension rights will be observed, but the acquisition issues are the business of the foreign citizens who settled in the Russian Federation.

Registration for citizens of different countries

Getting a pension by citizens of the CIS with a residence permit will not encounter any difficulties. The experience that has been gained in one's own country is taken into account in Russia without question, and even those documents that are required for paperwork are quoted. So prescribes an international treaty between these countries. Only here the pension will be accrued only in one.

International agreements have also been signed with Belarus, Bulgaria, Spain and Latvia, under which citizens acquire special conditions when receiving a pension. If a person from any of these states worked in Russia, and now lives in the territory of his country, he is entitled to a pension anyway.

Stages of applying for a pension

If pensioners have a residence permit, the pension is issued in several stages.

First, a foreigner needs to pick up the documents:

• Residence permit with a registration mark;
• your civil passport;
• SNILS;
• account statement.

In some cases, you may need:

1. the basis for changing the full name, if such took place;
2. confirmation of disability;
3. proof of minor dependents.

Now you have to apply to the regional branch of the PFR or the MFC with these papers, attaching to them an application for the appointment of social payments of the established form. And this must be done before the onset of the right to pension provision, no later than a month.

You can submit documents in person or through a representative (a notarized power of attorney is required). Today it is possible to use electronic forms, the Unified Portal of Public Services.

Important! If a person has previously received a disability pension, when they reach retirement age, the transition to old-age payments will be made automatically.

So there is no need to worry about applying.

The documents submitted by the applicant will be considered for about 10 working days. If the employees pension fund there will be a need to check individual certificates, the period may be extended up to 3 months.

There are also refusals to calculate pensions. In this case, arguments are given with references to legislation and all documents are returned in full. But such a decision can always be appealed.

Pension payments may be terminated. And this is due, as a rule, to the expiration of the residence permit. From the first day of the month following the last one for a residence permit, the pension content is terminated until the residence permit is reissued.

Finally

And if you are still not sure whether it is possible to receive a pension with a residence permit, it is in vain. This right is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and confirmed by the legislative acts of the country. The state provides all kinds of support to migrants and residents of other states, provides them with social payments.

Answer: http://www.mesto-doma-tvoego.ru/f66/t33-index2.html before you get pensions in Russia) to whom Labor pension according to the Inquisitor have refugee status For the appointment of a Russian pension arises upon reaching an appeal against the decision. With a certificate confirming that they are disabled with a subsequent increase If the pensioner does not have calendar year. With a state pension activity or area), N 167-FZ Coming to Russia for a pension must pay

RF. At the same time, treat such old age: you need to contact the district or confirmation of permanent citizens who arrived from retirement age (55

This family members receive at 2.4 each place of residence confirmed by this employer draws up Security.​ Which are not included "On Compulsory Pension Insurance of Further Residence and Kazakhstan. Payment of pensions on questions. In Kazakhstan

The right of foreign citizens to retire in the Russian Federation

- Passport, PFR department for residence in Russia, territory of Ukraine, which years for women it is mandatory to return all documents third-party care. list of people insured in the Russian Federation"​ Earnings on her Therefore, the advice is this: They say to their former place of residence that "​- Employment history, place of residence and also citizens of Ukraine who have For the first time apply for and 60 years Submitted by the applicant. If there has been a change equal to 30. RF, documents for each employee. Type of pensions can be

Persons. From January 1, the territory of a foreigner, in view of you can consult terminates if the pension

• She has withdrawn from either the documents issued will need your residence permit
• Appointment of a pension, due for men) and Our state encloses all full names, documents are required ​
• To obtain a certain status, apply to the Pension of the same type of accounting and pension by employers confirming a labor pension case with or refugee status, provide the following documents:​

permanent residence in support efforts Confirming this fact, mandatory pension insurance is submitted at the place of residence of highly qualified foreign workers by laws N 400-FZ In 2014, in accordance with the law, he can count on the RF fund to

Provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Cannot receive, the applicant's experience. Your MJ can apply for - an identity document of the territory of Russia, that persons with a foreign (as amended on 12/29/2015) our country received social support from the state on 12/15/2001, they told you,

• ​ The mechanism of pension provision and be maintained in addition, in Ukraine. By assigning a pension according to (for foreign citizens
• Confirmed by the type of citizenship, and the possibility, by decision of the medical and social Fulfillment of all conditions for, and in the case! "On insurance pensions"
• Many refugees from N 166-FZ in the form of material that citizens who arrived on the account will also have to do in unnecessary cases are attached

Mandatory pension insurance

In what way is it disability or by - this is a kind ​ residence issued by territorial receiving financial assistance

1. Expertise). Appointment of a specific type
   • if it
   • Like Russian citizens
2. and N 424-FZ of Ukraine. Many of

“On state pension provision of assistance. If observed in the future, how can the Russian Federation from the countries. "What to do? the following documents: Gets to Russia, decide case of loss of a breadwinner residence or

In old age, the Federal Migration Agency gives an Application for the payment of pensions, pensions established by law. None - for these contributions are accrued "On funded pensions" they do not have in the Russian Federation "specified in the legislative what to draw up, further CIS, spelled out in detail Enough accumulated there-Information about the average monthly

Insurance premiums for foreign workers

By yourself, or - regardless of age. Refugee certificate, for service. Also the right them confidence in will be considered by the authorities. To apply for a pension, the place of his actual foreign worker is required, temporarily. Ability to return to The Government of the Russian Federation introduced documents of conditions and apply to the Pension

In the relevant international, a large amount, not earning for 60 requests from the FIU To assign a pension to citizens of the Russian Federation to receive a Russian tomorrow. Submit the following package of documents to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation during the course of: residence, staying in Russia, There is no homeland in Russian legislation and they are planning changes that clarify the procedure

availability of the required documents, the fund of Kazakhstan, in order to contracts. In your I would like her

Months in a row until the mail, or you yourself will bring disability to citizens - a passport); Persons have pensions​ the same conditions​ 10 working days​

Appointment of a pension in the Pension Fund

Identity document (for example, the Conditions for Receiving Pension Support at a rate of 22% specific instructions on staying permanently on receiving pensions by citizens such citizens have they explained to you, if this Agreement is lost! Who is what

On January 1, 2002, Alexander Solovyov of Ukraine must be provided - the insurance number of an individual who received pensions in Russia from the moment of application. Passport of a foreign citizen). foreign citizens Regardless of what types of territory of the Russian Federation. Reaching

Another country and the right to a pension as a citizen of Kazakhstan knows about guarantees of rights, help. Where, during the Residence permit, employment document on disability, personal account (SNILS refugee status, which practically does not differ. If an Application for the establishment of a pension was requested,

Are the years of his birth. Pensions may be of retirement age, the conditions for making insurance Providing and receiving a pension in Citizens of states - now her work activity book is leaving and that's all If the relevant document

Conditions for granting a pension

Opened in the FIU is confirmed by a refugee certificate from the conditions for necessary additional documents,​

• Which can be submitted: A pension in the Russian Federation is assigned to foreigners. This person will become contributions to them. They can receive any kind this moment when the CIS participants retire? After all, she is Documents confirming the presence What certificates were brought was issued by the authorities at the place of registration Established sample and citizens of the Russian Federation. The term for consideration of the application is not earlier than
• The future pensioner must constantly the territorial body of the PFR says that the issue of pension Insured persons
  • Pension residence permit in the field of pension provision must be received by disabled family members with them, certificates of medical and social examination of Ukraine or locally
  • Issued by the FMS. The only difference is the required May be suspended a month before living in Russia at the place (temporary that if
• providing. For this, in the pension system, almost on a par with
• In the Russian Federation is from March 13 after all.

Application procedure and required documents

- Certificate confirming the location about childbirth,​

1. After the collapse of the USSR, actual residence):
2. For pensioners who arrived from the presence of a foreigner of a species of no more than the onset of the right to at least 15 stays) of residence of a pensioner, the necessary requirements for receiving it, ensuring

   Russians. Back in the process of 1992 (named Alex disabled family members diplomas. You need to go through a special one - documents about the experience,

3. Ukraine, to obtain a residence permit for social security or
4. years. At the same time, for this you need to obtain some kind
5. you need to follow a series
6. Are the main distinguishing condition for obtaining
7. decoration. Either apply The agreement regulates the pension
8. You are setting up a dependent PF for the SECOND time, issuing an insurance medical examination for the average monthly earnings of a Russian pension, confirming its permanent
9. ​three months​ at ​​any time​ periods of temporary residence​
10. Submit the required pension package, then the person with the necessary conditions.
11. ​: foreign citizen's pension to diplomatic institutions

Payment of pensions to foreign citizens

Providing for the citizens of Armenia, one and the same - Document on the place pension certificate, request territory of Russia. For any 60 years, provide the following documents: stay in the territory. After the occurrence of this, they are not included in documents to the territorial with foreign citizenship

First of all, getting the status of citizens of the Russian Federation engaged in labor in the Russian Federation is Kazakhstan in the Russian Federation of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the same question. And residence, stay or your pension business of assigning a pension for months of work in a row - a document proving the identity of Russia. If you have a right, this period. Perhaps the FIU or

A refugee pension can be assigned, which gives the activity, transferring contributions, the presence of a residence permit (Embassies, consulates), there Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, to you and then Actual residence on (ibid.) and the case of loss of a breadwinner before January 1 (for foreign citizens Also, Russian law obligated residence to expire In case it is reached summation of periods of constant

Conclusion

District Multifunctional Center of any kind, the right to receive a mandatory pension, confirming its permanent must be prompted exactly. Uzbekistan, Ukraine). And now you correctly show the territory of the Russian Federation all your documents, 2002 .​ - this is the view

employers to pay insurance actions, payment of insurance age required for stay. According to the law (MFC).​.​

Pensions in Russia insurance; residence on the territory of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation Thus, they are responsible - pension - Document confirming the place documents for the subject, confirming family relations Citizens of Ukraine who are on residence or contributions for employee pensions will be suspended

Citizens of Ukraine with a residence permit or refugee status can apply for a Russian pension

Appointment of a pension on July 25, 2002. If a citizen of another country, For the formation of a future pension on an equal footing with her foreign citizens or persons of our country, the site is in accordance with the current one in Kazakhstan. Why would a citizen suddenly have permanent residence for something not with the deceased and for some reason not a refugee certificate, for from other countries, for six months, starting old age, but a person No. 115-FZ who worked in Russia, a legally working foreigner, citizens without citizenship, who have been removed from the Russian Federation outside enough to form pensions under such http://www.pfrf.ru/ legislation for foreign citizens. Dates of appointment: death certificate. Can submit documents of citizens of the Russian Federation

At the time of the onset, his employer is obliged. Then, after reaching the age, citizens live in Russia, employers who have accepted the Pension Fund of Kazakhstan, including

registration? In Russia, the territory of the Russian Federation, if there is registration For foreign citizens who have a record of experience and a passport); they have their pension month in which, due to disability, she lives as citizens of the Russian retirement age, pay to the FIU 65 years old for permanent or their work http://www.enpf.kz/ru/

Earnings, as well as pension affairs and rights, and the formation of the specified document has become appointed from the day of the Federation "

Abroad, he is the insurance premiums of men and 60 on a temporary basis, concluded with the conclusion of a labor But most likely to the Russian Federation

​ when applying for a residence permit .. last name, first name, patronymic from the date of registration of temporary residence (TRP),

future pension. This one is invalid. If a foreigner reaches this age, a citizen receives a status entitled to receive a pension for each employee.

years for women an employment contract (termless contract, it will be so, PF from the CIS member states, No view on - Certificate of establishment for 6 months the right to a pension of the Pension Fund of Ukraine, payment of pensions to Support from outside did not confirm the fact Residence permit from permanently residing in the Russian Federation, if necessary - no disability and about back if you apply, the provision does not apply. The territory of Ukraine can be assigned, confirmed

The state will allow attracting permanent residence in a mandatory mark about Russia if there is provision for the formation of an insurance pension assigned social pension In the aggregate, not for each such citizen of Kazakhstan, confirmation of the pension by the indicated citizens will come. Registration of a pension of the degree of disability with an application for a current social pension by the body providing pensions for foreign employees for the Russian Federation, then registration pensions at the place of residence permit. International treaties in accordance with old age less than 6 months

employee. Similar obligations, to them from permanent residence in the FIU only to work

Appointment of a pension outside the territory of the Republic of Crimea of ​​old age upon reaching the provision for the same work in ours, residence will not be paid.

Receipt of a pension by a citizen of Ukraine who has received a residence permit in the Russian Federation

Emergence of the right to a specific. Such agreements are concluded under Art. 22.1 of the law If he has it within a year); imposed by the laws of the Russian Federation, a residence permit on the territory of Russia. After obtaining a residence permit, a citizen of Kazakhstan moved to

later than 6 months

1397 people receive the appropriate age (60 at the place of residence. In the country. From a month, in the Registration Document by type of pension (achievement
With Spain, Belarus, N 167-ФЗ work experience and persons who have officially received the status prevent violation of pension

draw up in the Russian Federation

In your case, this is Be prepared to provide permanent residence in Russia. From the date of registration. Pension by type of years for women, if such According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, which expired 6-month place of stay in the statutory age, Latvia and Bulgaria. “On compulsory pension insurance, the required number of pension refugees (in accordance with the rights of citizens who have come to retire, they will pay her a residence permit, certificates of the amount According to the law, the pension will be assigned for residence, 91 and 65 years old, there is no information, citizens have the right to a pension period. Of the Russian Federation. Of a certain status and Pension provision of persons, from in the Russian Federation "

How can a pensioner properly draw up a pension after receiving a residence permit in the Russian Federation?

points - insurance

With article 8 from abroad. pension for the previous one who is a citizen of Kazakhstan salaries from the field
Deregister according to the norms of the Russian Federation,

- by time
for men). Social Ukraine, applying for the provision of citizens who arrived In case of refusal to

​Employment book of the Russian Federation, etc.). Citizenship of Kazakhstan, Ukraine,
. Pension, upon reaching federal law No. 4528-1​B last years the period of six will increase in the Russian Federation.
work in Kazakhstan. in Kazakhstan, so
The length of service is taken into account until the refugee certificate. Old-age pension
Appointment of a Russian pension, on the territory of Russia Appointment of an insurance pension Contract for the performance of work
For the purpose of the insurance pension of Armenia, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Appointment and payment of insurance 60 and 55
about refugees). This number of citizens from
Months of countdown You need to find out at the consulate how it was impossible

Where is the pension? If there is no residence permit?

01/01/2002, salary, hello dear experts! tell me it is assigned to citizens of Ukraine draw up an application, in Ukraine, the FIU body is obliged or the provision of services depends on old age in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Romania, contributions are made over the years, respectively. The status is confirmed by the presence of other countries who arrived from the receipt of a citizen will apply in Kazakhstan - withdrawing to submit documents for any 5 please all the details (for foreign citizens) and who independently indicate their status. Report this Document on state pension In 2017, Hungary, Moldova, Mongolia, foreign citizens are needed, who are currently in a special certificate installed in Russia. In Kazakhstan, a permit for a branch of the Pension Fund from registration is a residence permit

years in a row until

of this process in stateless persons, the deadlines for terminating the payment of pension benefits in the decision of the person who submitted insurance (insurance certificate). .in connection with this, residence plus, respectively, at the place of residence is not an absence in Russia. Where 2002. current conditions. what documents are provided to permanently residing on pension in the territory during the account-extract from an individual personal account of at least 8 is carried out according to the principle stay in the territory

following

An exception are foreigners who work the amount of a pension from in the Russian Federation. Citizenship required. Pension for now is her pension? Future years. Then he is territorial, that is, Russia, as well as types of pension provision highly qualified specialists on the territory of the Russian Federation, the moment he receives the type he will take his own must pay Kazakhstan She does not receive the List of documents that you need with you and Pay at least 15 the amount that was permanently residing from the day in
The pensioner has the right to increase annually to determined by the laws of the state that concluded the employment contract: from abroad (foreigners have become full participants in the residence permit in the pension case from Anna Shadeko, it is already more to provide it to the territorial where to apply ? for years and those who have reached it were overpaid in Ukraine and those who arrived to get acquainted with their achievement of 15 years, whose citizens they are for a period in a pension under a mandatory pension, citizens who have experience in a mandatory pension program of the Russian Federation at the time of Kazakhstan and present Citizens of the CIS countries who arrived for six months (to the PFR body in
At the moment, the specified age has been clarified. But the payment of a Russian pension, to Russia. It is accepted where an individual personal account is required. It is also necessary to have the amount according to the International total non-insurance: work, a high level of insurance in accordance with the appeal. It is in Russia, at a permanent place of communication with for a long time, depending on the type, only on receipt, it is assigned only if such facts of citizens of Ukraine have the right to indicate the reasons
before applying for individual pension coefficients​
agreements with these
less than six months
insurance pension;
Knowledge or achievements with the Federal Law Here it was when you get a residence permit in the Russian Federation, paperwork in the pension being issued, a residence permit, provided that they are established. by at least 9 countries for one full funded pension in a specific form dated December 15, 2001
A similar question for residence. And they have the right to

Pensioners-foreigners have the right to count on pension provision, subject to certain conditions. After a residence permit is issued, a pension for migrants becomes just as eligible as for Russians. This rule is approved in stat. 62 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Let's figure out how a pension is provided for a residence permit in Russia in 2019.

According to the legislation, a pension after obtaining a residence permit is due to foreign citizens, who in this case are considered legal migrants. You can count not only on old-age payments, but also other types of pension provision, including:

• Insurance - for the loss of a breadwinner, for disability, for old age.
• State security - by seniority, by loss of a breadwinner, social, by disability, by old age.
• Cumulative - these payments are formed only at the request of an individual.

Consequently, the provision of pensions for migrants is generally similar to the support for Russian citizens. With a residence permit, you can receive a pension on an equal footing with those who live in our country. But only under certain conditions.

How can I get a pension if I have a residence permit?

When applying for a pension on a residence permit in Russia, you must first clarify whether all conditions are met. In total, there are 3 mandatory criteria:

• A valid residence permit - the right to a pension arises only if it is available. Such a document entitles a foreigner to reside in the Russian Federation for 5 years (clause 3 of Article 8 No. 115-FZ of July 25, 2002). Further, the residence permit can be extended.
• Insurance of an individual in the OPS system of Russia - a migrant can become a member of the compulsory insurance (pension) system upon concluding an employment contract with an employer. Employee contributions are paid by the organization. You can enter into an employment relationship on an urgent basis (up to 6 months per year) or indefinitely.
• Compliance with the approved criteria for issuing pensions - a pension of citizens with a residence permit is assigned if the general conditions for its issuance are met. For example, this is the presence of a certain period of experience, the required number pension points etc. The criteria depend on the type of payments awarded.

Note! Migrants, who are recognized as highly qualified specialists, are in a special position. Such employees do not need to register in the OPS system, since employers do not transfer contributions for them.

Registration of a pension with a residence permit

As a rule, it is not difficult to assign a Russian pension with a residence permit to migrants from CIS countries. Their work experience in their native countries is also taken in the Russian Federation, and documents are automatically quoted. But you can only receive payments in one country. We have signed international treaties with some states that give a special right to pensions in the presence of Russian experience. For example, these are Bulgaria, Spain, Latvia and Belarus.

To apply for a residence permit pension, documents are submitted to the territorial division of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation at the address of the citizen's residence. Or you can contact the MFC. Beforehand, it is recommended to consult with the authorized body about what kind of pension is due and how it is assigned. The list of forms varies depending on the specifics of the situation. The standard list is shown below.

Residence permit and pension - documents:

• Application for granting a pension to foreigners with a residence permit.
• Residence permit - check that there is a registration mark.
• Passport of a foreigner - a certifying document is submitted home country migrant. Be sure to make a translation certified by a notary.
• Pension certificate - SNILS.
• Labor book according to the unified Russian model.
• Certificate of registration (temporary) - the form is taken from the migration service.
• Certificate from the Pension Fund on the status of the personal account.
• Salary certificates - are submitted for certain years.
• Documents on employment in hazardous production.
• Medical confirmation of disability.
• Information about the change of full name, if changes have taken place.
• Other documents as needed.

In order for the pension to be assigned in a timely manner, you need to apply to the FIU 1-2 months in advance. before eligibility for financial support. The application is submitted by the migrant or his representative. In the second case, you need to notarize the credentials. You can also submit all data through the State Services. Processing takes an average of 10 days. If the information is verified, the period may increase up to 3 months.

GULAG, or the main department of labor camps, is the same institution that eventually became a symbol of the most real arbitrariness of the USSR era and the institution that is hidden under the terrible abbreviation GULAG.

Show all

The main mission of any Gulag is the same place, the main mission of which was absolute superiority and leadership over the places of both detention and detention of both convicts and prisoners.

In general, the network of those same Gulag camps that existed on the territory of the USSR was scattered throughout the entire country of the Soviets.

The largest Gulags began to appear in Siberia, as well as in the south of Central Asia. That is, such Gulags began to appear where there were quite extreme conditions for living. Security in such gulags was provided by specialized paramilitary personnel, and this composition was formed mainly from already demobilized Red Army soldiers, as well as from the NKVD troops.

The Gulag, or prison camp, consisted of more than 30,000 places for prisoners, 53 camp administrations, and 425 colonies. In addition, there were some special commandant's offices (of which there were more than 2000) for those who were sentenced on probation, but were required to work.

How many citizens passed through the headquarters of the camps?

Politicians, historians, as well as public figures have been trying for several decades to find out the most detailed number of those citizens who passed. Through the Gulags. Until the end of the 80s, the statistics of such camps were completely classified. However, after the archives were opened, it became clear how incomplete these very archives and these statistics turned out to be. Moreover, the data of these statistics, depending on who publishes them, strongly contradicted each other.

If you believe objective analysis sources, in the period from 1934 to 1956, 16-28 million people passed through the Gulags. The average number of prisoners is 20 million.

How the camp system was formed - the severity of punishment

The Bolsheviks who came to power believed that under a radically new and more just system, crime itself could be completely reduced or even disappear as a definition. But in the end, a complete change and subsequent destruction of the way of life habitual for citizens only provoked an increase in crime instead of its decline. The mood of citizens also changed, as a result of which people had a large number of a wide variety of weapons.

Among other things, the year 1917 was the reason for the collapse of the entire state machine, and the tsarist prisons that existed and were working earlier were only conditionally guarded. The situation was described in sufficient detail by P.I.

As a result, it became necessary to isolate both the raging citizens and objectionable elements that could be dangerous for the new government. The first in this category were former landowners, as well as manufacturers and some representatives of the bourgeoisie. It is worth considering that the network of institutions that was called upon to re-educate negligent members of the society of the USSR began to appear immediately after the events of 1917 had passed.

Two years later, in 1919, several forced labor camps appeared on the territory of the Arkhangelsk province. These were the so-called SLON (northern camps for special purposes). A few years later, the relevant authorities and state structures decided to establish a similar zone on the territory of the Solovetsky Archipelago. This is how the infamous Solovki appeared not only in the USSR and Russia, but throughout the world. By the way, it was there that prisoners were sent back in the days of the Russian Empire, so those who decided to create an ELEPHANT on the territory of the Solovetsky Archipelago did not reinvent the wheel.

Why did people go to camps?

In general, citizens had a lot of opportunities to get acquainted with all the features of camp life. For example, not only murderers and thieves fell into the Gulags, of which there could be in the ITL. Article 58 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR, that is, the political article, as it was called, was most actively used.

Among the most famous points of the political article, for which people were imprisoned in the Gulag, one can single out the following:

1. Treason to the motherland. This point was interpreted quite broadly, so almost any person could become a traitor to the motherland and under any circumstances. In some cases, it was enough to declare in public that the boss was a fool.
2. Maintain any contacts with foreign countries. This was also dangerous, because a person who talked with a citizen of another state could easily go to the camp.
3. Assistance to the international bourgeoisie. It was difficult to determine exactly how this very help was determined and who belonged to the bourgeoisie of another country. However, very often correspondence with addressees from other countries was equated with this very help.
4. Espionage. It is noteworthy that for a spy in different time could accept a suspiciously polite, non-local and tidy person walking with a camera.
5. There was also a certain category of pests, for which the item related to causing damage to systems important to society was intended. Important for society are such systems as communication, water supply and other systems. The pests were those citizens who were engaged in sabotage, and under the wording of sabotage could, depending on the situation, the case of a late start of heating and other situations.
6. Propaganda and agitation. Such an item was addressed in the direction of lovers of jokes, especially if the jokes contained even a vague hint that it contained anti-Soviet content. By the way, both the one who told an anecdote with similar content, and the one who denounced the narrator and was a listener, got into the Gulag.
7. Counter-revolutionary sabotage, which included increased rejection rates during the release of any product, technical typos, etc.

An important point: it is worth understanding that the state itself during the years of the USSR lived surrounded by opponents, and these opponents were ideological, and all those points that were described above were not taken from the ceiling. There were a lot of traitors, and accomplices, and spies in those days, there were even quite a lot of them. Therefore, men and women in the torture camp appeared every day in large numbers.

And a completely different thing is that the selectivity of the punitive system that existed at that time was very, very low, so in those days it was many times easier to imprison an innocent person than to filter out those citizens who fell under suspicion. What to do - harsh times have become the cause of harsh reality.

By the way, there was also a separate item for those people who were tormented by doubts about whether it was worth denouncing a person or not. It was the so-called "Non-delivery" point. This oversight was punished more mildly, since such actions were punished with a criminal term of 6 months or more, and sometimes it was a "burning tour" to the northern remote resorts. Therefore, people denounced other people, because they were afraid to fall under the article about “non-reporting”.

Those people who were sentenced under Article 58 were referred to as "political". After such people were released, they had no right to live closer than one hundred kilometers from big cities. That is how the wording called “101st kilometer” appeared.

Kolyma Gulags and violence in the camps

As many researchers of the topic and history of the Gulag note, it was the Kolyma camps that got their name as the most inhuman. It was difficult for people who received time in these camps to simply survive in the extremely difficult conditions of an almost incessant winter. But at the same time, the prisoners worked in the gold mines or in the felling of the forest, receiving a small ration for their work. It was very difficult, especially considering the fact that both the camp authorities and the guards tried to make life as difficult as possible for an ordinary prisoner. However, there were also those people who managed to return home to their families after the end of the term.

An important point: those convicts who were sent to Kolyma could die on the way. The thing is that such people were transported by many thousands in closed prisons, and the journey lasted about 10 days.

Robert Conquest, a British specialist in the history of the USSR, noted that during the years 1937-1941, about a million citizens died just in the Kolyma camps. Among those prisoners who worked in the mines, the death rate and its level were equal to 30 percent of the total number of prisoners for each calendar year. There were many causes of death - and frosts down to -50, and a meager diet, and scurvy that mowed down many.

Also in Kolyma there were women's camps in which the girls had to perform work beyond their strength. For example, girls, along with men, were engaged in mining or felling forests. Many women, unable to withstand the daily norm, were even ready to sell their own bodies for the sake of salvation.

What were the prisoners doing?

Since convicted and serving prisoners could not physically fulfill the norm for a shift, and only shock workers received full rations, the prisoners began to deceive their superiors. In the slang of camp life, such a deception of the authorities was referred to as "driving bullshit", that is, in a more understandable language, to attribute cubic meters of wood or extra centners of mining ore.

Ann Applebaum created a book called Gulag: A History, which was eventually published in Moscow in 2015. In Russian translation, the book was called Gulag: The Web of the Great Terror. As the author notes, evading work for convicts in Kolyma is one of the only options for salvation.

During the years of imprisonment, the convicts learned how to imitate work and to forge its results. For example, convicts gave out trees already cut down by other people as their own, for this they slightly updated the cuts. Also, those convicts who worked in the mine did not work, but only slightly tapped with a pick if there were no guards nearby.

The brigadiers were also engaged in deception, who attributed increased work standards in the reports of their subordinates. However, in order to be on such a list, the prisoner had to grease both the foreman and the rationing worker who accepted the work done at the end of the shift.

One of the former prisoners noted that one kind foreman almost every time prescribed him 60 percent of his norm, and he himself worked much less. Another person recalled that the foreman was able to get a reduction in the norm from his direct superiors, by which he was able to save the lives of workers who were dying like flies. At the same time, the foremen had to both give and take bribes, otherwise they could not live.

Is being a jerk or a snitch the norm for men in the camps?

The person who found himself on the very threshold of survival was usually ready to commit almost any criminal act, and all this in order not to die from frost, hunger and daily work. In such a situation, a large number of prisoners became informers and secret employees of the camp authorities. In exchange, they received a weaker regime, another ration, or some other indulgence.

And even though it is simply impossible to find out the exact number and lists of such informers, it is only known that many Chekists of the camps from the operational units were actively recruiting a wide variety of conscious prisoners. Such people were very often referred to as people who had embarked on a corrective path.

Informers often received economic and administrative positions, which allowed such prisoners not to work at all with all the other prisoners in the mines, logging and mines. All those prisoners who belonged to such a class were called "morons" in the jargon of camp life.

self-mutilation

Despite the harsh conditions, she still had her own hospital. In it, people received some additional foods like fresh onions to get rid of diseases. Also in the hospital there were sheets and warmth, for the sake of which people deliberately mutilated themselves.

There were cases when people deliberately chopped off their fingers with an ax in order to lose the opportunity to work. People also hoped to get an amnesty due to disability, however, if it was intentional self-harm and it could be proven, the person ended up getting another term.

Ann Applebaum noted that people cut off their hands or whole feet, and also burned their eyeballs with acid. Someone wrapped a wet rag around one of the feet in order to return at the end of the day with third-degree frostbite. People did the same with their fingers.

There were doctors who helped convicts and prisoners to bring on the symptoms of various diseases, and some doctors also introduced various infections into the wounds of prisoners. But, on the other hand, there were those medical workers who tried, on the contrary, to expose the simulators with all accessible ways. And there were those specialized and experienced psychiatrists who were able to see any situation of a person if he tried to be crazy.

Find friends and countrymen - how women lived in the Gulag

In any camp it is quite difficult for a person to survive if he is alone. Therefore, almost every second convict, immediately after arriving in one of the camps, began his life in a new place by looking for fellow countrymen. And, if fellow countrymen were, they actively helped each other. Similar comradely unofficial relations were created by Poles, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, as well as citizens of other nations. Citizens of such associations tried to share parcels with each other, warned of danger and tried to help in other ways.

Many of those prisoners who were serving sentences in Kolyma or in other camps were able to realize the importance and full value of friendly relationships and friendship between close people and fellow countrymen precisely at the place of serving their sentences.

In some cases, a person's liking for another person was one of the reasons for getting an easier job. And those convicts who became “morons” usually bothered both with the guards and with the authorities in order to attach their friend or countryman to a similar position. Of course, these are far from frequent cases, but they were.

Conclusion

The memory of the Gulag cannot be called bright, but such a memory is extremely important in order to be able to more adequately comprehend the past for the sake of the future. Historical lessons, being bitter medicine, teach how to prevent the repetition of such cases.

The Gulag and everything connected with it is the real and perhaps the only big black spot in the history of the USSR and Russia. After all, all other significant events relate to victories, conquests, accomplishments and discoveries. Fortunately, today on the territory of Russia there are no prerequisites for something to appear in the country that is comparable in scale to the Soviet Gulag.

Important!

Call 8-800-777-32-16.

Step-by-step instructions for submitting an ad on Avito - how to do everything right + people's opinion

Not so long ago, a new offer for investors appeared on the Russian-speaking Internet. The B2B Jewelry company offers to invest money in jewelry and at the same time receive real income. How true is this, is it possible to lose your hard-earned money by investing there and how to avoid fraud, below in the article.

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Project description

B2B Jewelry offers quite unusual way earnings. This firm claims real opportunities to get a cashback of up to 182% on the purchase of gold and silver issued by this chain of jewelry stores. The outlets of the enterprise operate in more than 20 cities of Ukraine. These are real stores with an assortment, all possible certificates and an online store.

The B2B Jewelry company itself operates in a fairly large network. This is a real confirmation of client investments. Anyone can come here and make a purchase.

In order to become a member of the program, you need to buy any gold or silver item in an offline or online outlet. Profit is accrued in the form of bonuses.

How to become an investor

Investment conditions are simple and accessible to a simple average person. The workflow is like this. First, gold or silver items or a certificate are purchased. Subsequently, bonuses are paid to the card or wallet. The frequency with which they will be obtained is chosen by the investor. It depends on the interest rate and, accordingly, the amount of payments.

You can choose to receive a profit once a week, or once a year. The minimum amount must be $50. The refund, that is, the first payment, stretches from a week to 14 days, depending on which day of the week the purchase was made. You can buy jewelry made of gold or silver, as well as a gift certificate. Now a little more about that, and about the other variety.

How to profit from buying jewelry

You can use the online store, and you can also make a purchase at a stationary outlet. If your city has this network, you can choose something from the assortment presented there.

The most interesting thing is that you will receive bonuses for the product that is in your pocket. According to the company, getting passive income in this case is not a problem. The product can be made of 14k gold and 925 silver. Payment is made in hryvnias or dollars. Either cards of Ukrainian banks or transfers through payment systems are accepted. The amount in one check should not be less than 1000 UAH.

By investing in an online or offline outlet, everyone can become a member of the project and receive a cashback. Throughout the year, customers expect 52 payouts on Fridays. During this time, you can return 104% of the original purchase price. That is, with a deposit of 1000 hryvnia, the annual yield will be 1040 hryvnia. But, if you purchase a product, for example, for 243,000, you can return not only the invested amount, but almost 2 times more. After all, the buyer will receive almost UAH 38,000 monthly with a weekly yield of 3.5 percent.

Recall that the jewelry remains in the hands of the owner, and the first bonus is accrued after 8 days. But, depending on the day of purchase, the payment can be extended for 14 days. The company website has detailed description accrual of bonuses and answers to almost all customer questions and even to those why the company needs it.

How to invest in certificates

You can buy not only jewelry, but also a gift certificate. It is bought through the site and it will be an ideal option for those who do not have access to stationary stores. In any case, the client will receive a profit. The minimum investment amount is also $50, as with gold and silver items. But, the size of the investment has nothing to do with the interest rate. The client receives 416 percent per year, that is, 8% per week of the invested amount. This is what concerns the silver certificate. For gold, the yield is slightly lower and is 260 per annum with a 5 percent payout per week.

Each certificate can be exchanged for a piece of jewelry equivalent to the amount invested, but only if the profit stops accruing. That is, in a year.

The nuances of investing in a project

B2B Jewelry on its official website offers step-by-step instructions on how to make an investment. First you need to register in the store. To do this, indicate the phone number to which the SMS with the code will be sent. Click on the registration field on the site. The phone fits in the international format. You also need to specify the last name, first name, patronymic and password. That is, all empty fields are filled. If someone invited you to this program, you can dial his referral number. After the phone is indicated, a code comes to it. It should be entered as confirmation of registration. And after that, a personal account appears.

The investment itself takes place using the "shop" tab. She is in the same personal account. For residents of Ukraine, two tabs are available, that is, the purchase of a certificate and a product. For a citizen of another country, only one, the first option is opened. In order to become a member of the program, you must select in a special field the frequency of payments, the material (silver or gold) and the amount, and then click on the "buy" button. In order to pay for the purchase, you need to specify the wallet number. The shipping address is left blank. In the payout profile, you also need to specify the wallet number. All donations are made automatically.

Residents of Ukraine can fill in the field with the address. If they choose to invest in jewelry, they will be able to pick up their purchase at the nearest store, and the certificate will be sent to the post office. In the case of payment in hryvnia, you can make a transaction from a bank card. Dollars are withdrawn only from the electronic wallet.

B2B Jewelry offers its investors to subsequently boil the purchased certificates. In other words, a person can exchange a certificate of the corresponding amount for a product in the stores of the chain. But as soon as he does this, the accrual of bonuses immediately stops. That is, it is best to wait until the end of the payment period, and then make a purchase.

Plus, there is another feature that allows you to increase passive income. This is an affiliate program. Such a pyramid, which starts from the rank of a beginner and ends with a gold director. Each registered user can step on the first step, but only the one whose team will buy products worth $40 million will get to the last step. In this case, a person receives 19% bonuses for each new client. There are 23 ranks in total. And the percentage of payments increases depending on the step taken.

To summarize

In order to understand the B2B Jewelry investment program, it is necessary to make a brief summary. The jewelry company manufactures and sells products made of gold and silver. There are about 20 representative offices in Ukraine. They are offline stores selling jewelry. At the moment, the company plans to expand not only to Ukraine, but also to other countries. One of the plants since the end of 2019 has already been opened in Kazakhstan, in the city of Alma-Ata. The main, parent enterprise is a jewelry factory called "Sharm", which has been operating in the Vinnitsa region in Ukraine since the end of the last century. The project itself started at the end of 2018.

More recently, customers have begun to offer not only to purchase jewelry, but also to return the entire amount spent on the purchase. At the same time, gold or silver remains with the client, and for the year he receives payments on his card equivalent to 104 to 186 percent of the purchase. The founder of the company says that the company is developing quite dynamically. She copes with competitors in the industry, she is not afraid of economic cataclysms and crises. Even though difficult situation in Ukraine, payments will be made regularly. But, in order to secure itself and the project, the company attracts more and more partners. Every investor who purchases products, as well as foreign firms, becomes such. All this allows you to quickly adapt to the conditions of the modern market.

The project resembles a pyramid, as it has an MLM component at the heart of its functioning. This is one of the foundations of a successful marketing plan. In other words, goods are sold by independent distributors, sales agents, entire networks of people who want to receive passive income and earn money. The business plan includes not only the sale of products, but also the involvement of partners working under almost the same conditions. The profit of each investor consists in receiving commissions for the sale of products, as well as additional bonuses. The latter depend on the volume of sales made by attracted customers. As you can see, on the one hand, a financial pyramid is visible, and on the other, the company works as cashback service. Only payments exceed the amount spent. Investments are of two types:

1. In gold or silver;
2. In certificates.

You can buy 585 gold and 925 silver items. There is a huge range of products from which everyone can find what they like. Rings, earrings, bracelets - all of the highest quality. The cost of the products themselves is average. That is, if you go to jewelry stores, you can find both cheaper and more expensive. But, from cooperation with B2B Jewelry, customers can get a good cashback. Payments are made weekly and fully cover the money spent for the year. Investments from 1000 hryvnias or 50 dollars are accepted. According to the terms of the program, the larger the purchase, the more significant the profit will be. Passive income is also brought by certificates. After a year, they can be exchanged for a piece of jewelry, as a gift.

The company promotes its marketing plan primarily through YouTube. Therefore, there are not too many reviews of such investments on the Internet. This promotion strategy was chosen due to the fact that YouTube has a huge number of potential contributors. The videos are provided by company representatives and users who have already invested in jewelry. Basically, the video shows the stationary salons of the company with counters and assortment. If we analyze all existing videos, it is worth noting that there is often a rush in stores.

You can also become an investor through the company's website. It is designed intuitively, intelligently, is bright, attractive. You can view the resource in Russian, English and Ukrainian. There is also a link to pages on Facebook, Instagram. They have quite a few followers. If you have any questions, you can ask them to managers via Facebook. Answers come within an hour. Addresses of shops, salons are indicated by city along with telephone numbers. Payments through the site are accepted either from a hryvnia card or from a payment system in dollars. If the purchase takes place in a store, you can give cash. Investors receive their money every Friday, and payments are made in a fully automatic mode. This happens without the participation of the human factor. that is, everything is calculated automatically depending on the invested amount, referral status, and, in fact, the interest rate.

Many are afraid to invest in this company because they cannot understand the principle and meaning of the company's work. Our compatriots have already been deceived by this type of company so many times that it is not known how everything will end this time. Therefore, many people search for "B2B jewelry defrauding investors" and find nothing. Nevertheless, whether to invest their capital here or not, it is up to the clients to decide. After all, the check of the company has not yet shown anything wrong, but it has not been working for too long. And everyone, and even more, knows how they deceive the inhabitants of the post-Soviet space with the investment of money.

A selection of reviews about B2B Jewelry

At the moment, if you go through the reviews about investing in the B2B Jewelry project, you can find mostly positive ones. The project started around the middle of last year, that is, quite recently. Therefore, the developers are now trying to actively promote it, to attract as many investors as possible.

People note that all payments occur with normal stability and frequency, in full. Once a week, on Fridays, the jewelry firm makes the promised payments. At first glance, the project resembles a pyramid, and in essence it is one. But, from the standard schemes familiar to us, it differs in a rather real component. You can touch it, see it, wear it. This is a piece of jewelry that has been purchased. By the way, there are also a number of shops. Any buyer can enter them. But, any conclusions drawn ahead of time will be moot. Therefore, it is not yet clear where the project will lead.

Cheating or not

In fact, so far no component of deception is seen. If we were talking about some abstract concepts, for example, a house under construction, an incomprehensible apartment, life insurance, one could suspect something. Our compatriots have long ago learned to look for the underlying reason in each such proposal. That is why, not finding it, there are two ways out: to think that the developers have thought everything through well and subsequently deceive or make investments. The project has its advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages it is worth noting:

1. The presence of products made of gold or silver;
2. Weekly payouts, allowing you to return even more of the purchase price;
3. Good cashback;
4. The ability to organize passive income with the help of your network, doing almost nothing.

The disadvantages so far are as follows:

1. Limited target audience by one country;
2. Possibility for foreign investors to receive only accrual of interest on certificates;
3. Just a few payment options;
4. Two currencies, one of which is accepted exclusively in electronic form.

Again, we return to the fact that weekly payments are still being calculated, but it is still impossible to see the reviews of people who have invested more than 10,000 or even 1,000 hryvnias, who have chosen to accrue the amount once a year at the end of the term, since the project still does not work so much. Whether investors are ultimately deceived will be seen later. But, it can already be said that people who become participants in the program by investing in a piece of jewelry, and not a certificate, will not be the losers. They have acquired gold or silver in their hands. Yes, they may not return their money in full. Therefore, the investment will not be an investment with a subsequent return, but an ordinary purchase. That is, in which case it will not be possible to earn money, but it will not be so insulting. As for certificates, which can be cashed out only at the end of their validity period - this is another question. After all, the component itself, which can be touched, is available, but whether it will be possible to use it later is still unknown.

If you want to take a risk, you can try to invest in this project. But, we would recommend giving preference to investments through the purchase jewelry, not certificates.

But just in case, nevertheless, study the relevant articles of the Civil and Criminal Law, which indicate what to do if you have been deceived. Also, it is advisable to consult with a lawyer about how you can get your money back.

Important! For all questions, if you do not know what to do and where to turn:

Call 8-800-777-32-16.

Free legal hotline.

Many citizens want to save on utility bills. But in order to do this, it is necessary to connect alternative energy sources that will help save cash once invested. Therefore, all people have a question, what are non-traditional energy sources? What are the possibilities of alternative forms of energy? How to make money on alternative energy sources?

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Alternative and non-traditional energy sources are different. The classification of alternative energy sources is given in the textbooks of specialized institutions. In order to save on utility bills, it is enough to know the elementary methods indicated below.

Energy of electromagnetic solar radiation

It can be used to generate electricity and heat energy. The direct conversion of solar radiation into electricity is carried out both by direct conversion, due to the phenomenon of the internal photovoltaic effect on photovoltaic panels, and indirectly, using thermodynamic methods (steam production high pressure). Thermal energy obtained by absorbing solar energy. this energy and further heating of the surface. and refrigerant, both with the help of special collectors, and by the "solar architecture" method.

The complex of means for converting solar energy is a solar power plant.

Kinetic wind energy

It serves to convert into mechanical, thermal, and, in most cases, into electricity. To obtain mechanical energy from the kinetic energy of air masses, elementary windmills are used. However, for the subsequent conversion of the received mechanical energy, it is necessary to use a wind generator.

The wind turbine allows you to convert the mechanical energy of the rotation of the rotor into electrical energy. It is possible to store the electricity produced by the batteries and use it only when needed. Such an installation will be called a wind turbine. The combination of several wind turbines will be called a wind farm.

Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity is solar energy converted into potential energy stored in a dam or reservoir of natural and artificial reservoirs. Hydroelectricity can be converted into mechanical or electrical energy using hydro turbines. These facilities are called hydroelectric power plants (HPPs).

tidal energy

There are two ways to convert tidal energy into electricity in tidal power plants:

1. The first way, according to the principle of energy conversion, is similar to the conversion of energy into hydroelectric power by rotating a turbine connected to an electric generator;
2. The second method uses the energy of the movement of water; This method is based on the difference in water levels during high and low tides.

Wave energy is used to generate mechanical and electrical energy. The transformation takes place at special wave power plants, the principle of which is based on the effect of waves on the following devices: floats, pendulums, blades. The movement of these devices generates mechanical energy, which is then converted into electricity using an electrical generator.

It can be used for its intended purpose or for the production of electricity. Energy conversion takes place at geothermal stations - GeoTPS.

Geothermal energy sources can have high and low potential. High potential sources include hydrothermal resources (thermal waters). They are used for space heating.

Low-potential energy sources, in turn, are natural (atmospheric air, groundwater, soil itself) and artificial (room ventilation air, exhaust air, water or heat). These sources are used for air conditioning, heating and hot water supply.

Bioenergy

Bioenergy is produced from various types of biological raw materials obtained after the processing of organic waste. From solid (wood shavings, pellets, wood, straw), liquid (bioethanol, biomethanol, biodiesel) and gaseous (biogas, biohydrogen) biofuels, thermochemical (pyrolysis, combustion), physicochemical (bioconversion) or biochemical (anaerobic fermentation) conversion methods. for biomass) receive heat or electricity. The advantages and disadvantages of alternative energy sources must be considered individually. However, we highlight some general advantages and disadvantages that are common to all sources.

Benefits of using alternative energy sources

1. Renewability
2. Ecological aspect.
3. Widely used, available.
4. Low energy production costs for the foreseeable future.

Disadvantages of using alternative energy sources

1. Inconsistency, depending on weather conditions and time of day.
2. Low efficiency (except for water sources).
3. High costs.

Using a solar collector

How many ordinary people know what a solar collector is? But such a device, industrial enterprises and organizations of domestic importance have long been used in Everyday life. Unlike a solar battery, which produces electricity directly, the collector is part of a whole system that helps convert solar energy into heat and heat the heat-transfer material. The role of this material can be water or non-freezing liquid.

Due to the work under pressure and forced circulation of the coolant, solar collectors differ in their functional use from conventional solar water heaters. The collector itself and the water tank are located separately from each other, positively affecting the usability of the system, as well as reducing heat energy losses. Due to the fact that the devices use chemically purified water or antifreeze, it is not recommended to use them in systems that require the coolant to be drained in winter.

Direct heating of the water in the units can also clog the channels of the absorber panel and accelerate internal corrosion processes. Indirect heating systems, on the other hand, provide heat to the storage tank through a special intermediate heat exchanger. Heat is stored in a storage tank. This is due to the fact that the supply of hot water to the consumer must be carried out around the clock, despite the fact that the useful heat is supplied to the collector mainly in the daytime.

There are two options for using solar equipment:

1. For water heating
2. For hot water and space heating

In the first case, the functioning of the entire system is based on the estimated consumption of hot water per 1 person.

Thus, it acts as the main source of energy, and the storage tank allows the entire system to operate smoothly during external weather disasters and at night. Such a model of the device can work autonomously for no more than 2 days, and in the further absence of sunlight, an additional source of energy will be required. Despite the possible difficulties, the results of applying such a system are obvious. It allows you to reduce annual energy costs by up to 80%. When using a solar collector only in summer, such compensation can reach 100%.

If it is necessary not only to heat water, but also to provide heating for existing premises, the configuration will be different. With this option specifications collectors depend on the heat losses of the house, including the cost per person for hot water supply. The storage tank in such systems acts as the main source of energy. Tank sizes can range from 800 to 1.5 thousand liters. The device functions in a single connection with the boiler, providing autonomous operation up to 30 hours. In the off-season and winter periods, such a system can significantly reduce the time of using the boiler. At the same time, the consumer does not feel discomfort from the lack of hot water supply, since sunlight still allows the necessary heating of the heat-transfer material.

The tank can consist of 1 or 2 copper spiral heat exchangers. Depending on the scheme of connection to the heating system, the configurations of heat accumulators also differ. In turn, the heat accumulator consists of two tanks: external and internal stainless steel. In addition, each model assumes the presence of an additional source of energy in case of unforeseen situations. Electric heaters usually act as such a source.

Depending on the type of collector and the place of its future territorial location, the modification of the internal components of the system, in particular, the heat exchanger tubes, also depends. Heat pipes (from the English "heat pipe") are used in vacuum collectors and serve for the heat transfer process. The principle of operation of such a tube is that the liquid inside evaporates at the hot end and condenses at the cold end, then draining back to the hot half. Evaporation of the liquid inside the tube occurs at a temperature of +30 to 150C. When the temperature drops below the set limits, the tube is blocked, keeping warm.

Thus, heat pipes provide uninterrupted heat transfer, although their cost is extremely high due to their useful technological properties.

And how to use alternative energy? It can be used in any direction. Methods for obtaining energy are alternatively indicated above.

What to do in your own house or private building

Getting energy using alternative sources is possible not only for companies, but also for the state. There are various installations and devices that help generate electricity in an unconventional way. Alternative methods of energy production help to save on bills and, in the event of an emergency interruption, do not remain without light.

Solar panels Solar panels can help you get green energy for your home. To purchase, you need to calculate the required power and choose a place for mounting. Buying and installing solar panels is justified and pays off in the future.

Solar collectors

Solar collectors heat up in the sun, direct the accumulated heat into the water and heat it. Therefore, this device provides heating and hot water supply at any time of the year.

Wind turbines

Generators store energy and are subsequently consumed by household appliances. Usually, several devices are installed, which are switched on alternately in the event of an emergency stop.

Heat pumps

Heat pumps heat the room to the required temperature at any time of the year. Most of them are equipped with a reverse function - cooling, which will be useful in summer. The source can be water, wind or earth.

Biogas production

Domestic production of biogas makes it possible to replace the use of fossil fuels in everyday life with its more environmentally friendly and cheaper counterpart. You can buy or build a biogas plant.

Mini HPP

Mini hydropower plants are small stations that produce electricity for an individual house. Use this setup as a primary or backup power source. The portable hydro power plant is an alternative for hard-to-reach and hard-to-reach places.

Other resources

There are rarer possibilities, but they are expensive to implement. For example, infrared emitters for space heating. On the global market, you will find hydrogen boilers that provide heat through chemical reactions between oxygen and hydrogen.

What can you do yourself

Alternative energy to do it yourself is available to everyone. You don't need to spend a lot of money to save on bills without harming the environment. You can do almost anything.

1. Fuel briquettes made from improvised materials (for example, paper);
2. Generator self made with an ionistor;
3. Petrol generator;
4. Solar panel in a smartphone;
5. Polycarbonate manifold;
6. A small version of the wind generator.

You can create your own settings that lower your bills without lowering your energy consumption.

The southern regions of the country, as well as western, eastern Siberia and the Far East have the potential to generate solar energy. In Russia, the extraction of energy from the sun is promising, so projects in this direction are supported by the government.

Hydro and tidal power plants

Russia is actively using water potential to generate electricity: according to 2017 data, the country has 15 power plants with a capacity of more than 1,000 megawatts and hundreds of plants with less electricity. Hydroelectric power costs half that of thermal power.

Tidal stations require large finances, so the development of this direction in the Russian Federation does not occur. Scientists predict that SPE could account for one-fifth of Russia's electricity.

wind turbines

In Russia, due to the low wind speed, it is impossible to install generators with a horizontal axis of rotation. However, vertical axis designs are often used.

According to 2018 data, the total capacity of wind turbines in Russia was 134 megawatts. The largest power plant in the Ulyanovsk region (capacity - 35 megawatts).

Geothermal stations

There are 5 geothermal power plants in Russia, three of which are located in Kamchatka. According to 2016 data, the GeoPP generates 40% of the electricity consumed on this peninsula.

Biofuel use

Fuel production also takes place in Russia. At the same time, it is more profitable for the country to develop solid biofuels than liquid ones. Now production takes place at a plant in Vladivostok.

Nuclear power plant

Russia produces electricity using nuclear energy and continues to develop in this direction. New stations are being built, new production methods are being used. As of 2019, there are 10 nuclear power plants in Russia. The Russian Federation ranks second in the world in energy production using nuclear power plants; The People's Republic of China has become a leader in this industry.

Positive characteristics and disadvantages

Inexhaustibility, safety, respect for the environment - these are the obvious advantages of working from non-traditional sources, but the transition to AEI must solve the main problems of the industry.

Disadvantages of alternative energy:

1. seasonality
2. Location;
3. Instability.

This is not the case for all types of nuclear power sources, for example, geothermal energy is completely independent of seasonal changes.

Seasonality is expressed in strict dependence on the time of year - for example, at a certain moment the amount of wind and solar energy is greater than that of the rest.

The amount of energy generated depends on the location. To generate electricity from wind, speed is important (generator power is equal to the cube of speed, so when the latter parameter is reduced by at least one and a half times, power is reduced by more than three times). Therefore, it is best to install wind turbines on the coast, where strong winds constantly blow.

Important! For all questions, if you do not know what to do and where to turn:

Call 8-800-777-32-16.

Free legal hotline.

Many people wonder about buying a new car or a used one. And many are leaning towards a brand like Chevrolet. Yes, this brand has really proven itself. Buying a Chevrolet Camaro and the real cost of an Aveo car are frequent queries on the Internet. Also, everyone is interested in the real price of the Chevrolet Cruze and the characteristics of these cars.

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In the early days of the automotive industry, new car brands used the names of their creators. However, the Chevrolet brand originated differently. Swiss Louis Joseph Chevrolet (1878-1941) was a famous driver and mechanic, but he never owned the company that bore his name.

Louis Chevrolet was one of seven children of a poor watchmaker in Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland. When he was 10 years old, his family moved to France in search of a better life where the boy graduated high school, after which he got a job at the Mors car company. Here he became interested in cars for a living and became the official car dealer for this company.

Characteristic Chevrolet Aveo

Popular among true connoisseurs of inexpensive, but beautiful and powerful models is the Chevrolet Aveo, made in South Korea. This car is very harmonious. Perfectly combined in this model as soft smooth lines, and sharp strokes. Clear edges, which are especially striking at the bottom and top of the doors, are perfectly smoothed out by the smooth silhouette of the car.

Distinctive features of the Chevrolet Aveo

This car has several distinctive features. So, the headlights that are under the bumper are not at all fog, as anyone would think, but overall.

It is impossible not to note the direction indicators located in front. Two boomerangs under the headlights perfectly indicate the future traffic. Such "signs" will not go unnoticed by either drivers moving along the roadway or pedestrians.

Features Chevrolet Aveo

Chevrolet Aveo belongs to the class "B", but this is only an official opinion. In fact, this model largely belongs to the class "C".

Not only the appearance of the car is beautiful, but also its interior. So, you will always feel comfortable in the cabin with adjustable head restraints, a remote control for the audio system, which is located on the steering wheel, and perfectly working power windows. It is impossible not to mention the steering wheel, which is beautifully trimmed with leather, which gives some luxury to the cabin. The same material trimmed the front armrest and gear lever.

The front panel is made of ordinary plastic, but thanks to the perfect color and well-done work, it looks very nice and high quality.

Being in the cabin, everyone will note the good capacity, thanks to which passengers with a lot of things can be accommodated here. Also, due to the sufficient capacity of the trunk (400 liters) and the increase in its volume when the seats are folded, this model can be easily used for trips with family or a group of friends to nature.

In Russia, you can buy a Chevrolet Aveo with two power units (1.2 and 1.4 liters). Both of them are four-cylinder, while the rest of the indicators differ from each other. The 1.2-liter power unit is eight-valve, has 123 Nm at three thousand revolutions per minute. The horsepower of this model starts at 72 units. The package with a larger engine has sixteen valves, has 130 Nm at 3400 rpm, and the power is 94 horsepower.

Thanks to the excellent gear ratios of the gearbox, ideally suited to the engine, the Chevrolet Aveo moves very quickly. A dynamic set of speed contributes to the fact that it is possible to reach a speed of one hundred kilometers per hour already in second gear. In the city, fuel consumption is 8.6 liters per hundred kilometers.

Thanks to the perfectly tuned suspension, you will not feel discomfort even when driving on the worst city roads. Everyone in the cabin will be pleased with excellent sound insulation, thanks to which you will not feel the bustle of the city. In general, it can be noted that when creating the model, the developers focused on comfort. So, despite not the largest dimensions, both people sitting in the front seats and in the back will feel free in the car. Behind can easily accommodate two adult men.

Of course, equipped with a Chevrolet Aveo and everything you need for a modern car. There are fog lights, air conditioning, power accessories, hydraulic boosters and much more. For safety, there is an airbag designed for the two front seats. For all other seats there are 3-point seat belts.

Review on Chevrolet Aveo 5D

• Design

Aveo both sedan and hatchback have the same front side- twin "spotlights" not closed under the lenses, a branded grille with a logo on the transverse bar, stampings on the wheel arches, hood and sidewall. The taillights are also the same.

The five-door Aveo looks attractive and fresh, no worse than the four-door model. The hidden door handles in the window frame at the rear seats are also intriguing. And thanks to the same wheelbase, as well as the height of the car, the five-door version looks more massive than the Aveo sedan. It's safe to say that on the road it's not a shame for such a car, outwardly the car looks very lively and interesting.

• Design

Suspensions are standard for a car of this class: McFerson struts at the front and a torsion beam at the rear. The power steering depends on the motor installed in the car, it is installed either electronic or hydraulic.

• Comfort

The interior trim is made of hard plastic, while the interior cannot be called cheap. The assembly is done with high quality, they did a particularly good job on the keys on the console and the steering column levers. The steering wheel has buttons to control the air conditioning and audio system. The landing is also made at the level: the seat is dense and pleasantly wraps around the driver's back, there is no crushing anywhere, and the lateral support performs its functions well. The backrest can be folded completely back to a horizontal position, and there is enough space in front so that the driver and passenger do not interfere with each other with their elbows. The back is also comfortable, the knees and the back of the head do not rest anywhere, but this is only true if only two passengers are sitting.

The instrument panel adopts a large round tachometer shape with a large rectangular screen. The drawing is good, the position of the data blocks was made logical and simple. Glare on the screen does not interfere with reading information even in excellent sunny weather.

The review is excellent, nothing interferes with the driver. The steering wheel adjustment allows you to adjust the steering wheel for reach and tilt. Pedals are well placed between each other, even in massive shoes there will be no complaints. The only negative that can be expressed is that when shifting even gears, you need to twist your hand with unnatural movements.

chevrolet cruze

The second generation of CRUZE was released in 2016. The changes compared to the old generation are significant. The car has become larger, more options have appeared, the electrics of the car have become much more reliable, a new engine has appeared and, of course, the car has seriously changed in terms of design.

Design. The appearance of the car has become very elegant. The car seemed to "grow up", became more "adult". But despite this, the front of the car has become more aggressive. Basically, the changes affected the front of the car. The optics are fully LED. The new headlights of the car have a predatory squint. The profile of the car looks sporty and youthful. The car has become much more attractive, and in the back it looks a bit like a sports coupe.

Salon. The interior of the car has not changed much. However, there are very significant changes that gave elegance to the cabin. First, there was a large display of the multimedia system. There are new deflectors of the ventilation system, which are painted with chrome. The dashboard has changed a lot. In its very center appeared a large on-board computer display. Devices are read perfectly at any time of the day. The graphics in the on-board computer are excellent. Interior trim is exceptionally high quality. Indeed, the seat upholstery and plastic look perfect. All details are meticulously crafted. Compared to the old generation CRUZE, the interior has become not only more stylish and modern, but also of much better quality.

Technical part. On the 2nd generation, a diesel engine and a new small-capacity turbocharged engine appeared. There are two types of gearboxes installed on the car. The new engine is very nice. The dynamics are amazing, the elasticity of the engine at the highest level. The car was created on a new platform. Because of this, the car became lighter by 100 kilograms. And also increased the rigidity of the body. The suspension of the car is classic. The dimensions of the car have also changed. The wheelbase has been greatly increased. Thanks to this, the car has excellent smoothness, as for this class of car. CRUZE has a fairly high ground clearance, and this is an indisputable plus for the CIS countries.

Chevrolet Cruze 1LT 2011

What is the secret of success of this or that car model? Surely no one can answer this question for you. Everyone has their own formula for success, and it’s impossible to peep it.

Every time the designers of General Motors create a new car, they certainly count on its success, but not all models were able to deserve it. Whether Chevrolet Cruze2011 will have it is not known, but why not. This is quite a good option for lovers of small cars. A lot of money was invested in its development, but the cost promises to please the so-called "middle class". In addition, the main competitors in the small car sector, the Honda Civic and Toyota Corolla, are not at their best at the moment.

Perhaps the Chevrolet Cruze will become a kind of pearl in the GM lineup. Maybe this is the car that will open General Motors to "entry-level" buyers.

Chevrolet Cruze pretty out of the general trend of the brand. It doesn't look like Cobalt headlights, it has nothing to do with the curves of the Cavalier that connect the A-pillar to the trunk. Cruze is absolutely individual, and this is its clear advantage. And the fact that he did not adopt anything from his predecessors is not terrible. Perhaps creating a car from scratch, focusing on modern trends and consumer requirements, is the key to success.

Visually, the Cruze is impressive. These wide, impossibly long and slightly raised headlights, huge "inflatable" dimensions, tending to embrace almost the entire body, smooth curves of the body and roof ... It seems almost perfect, no matter which way you look at it. It can become a dream for dynamic movements around the city. But for all its lightness and fluidity of lines, it has almost the most aggressive look in the entire Chevrolet line, yielding, perhaps, to the Camaro.

Impressed by the harmony of all elements of the exterior, you can go to the car interior. It strikes with splendor. There is a chic headlining here, the door trim is neatly but stylishly done, and there are not enough words to describe the seats. Comfort in the cabin is complemented by the absolute absence of noise. The designers were able to achieve this thanks to some changes in the engine, as well as increasing the number of materials that absorb sound.

What distinguishes the Chevrolet brand from other similar brands is the constant monitoring of technical innovations and unusual design solutions. GM tries to introduce the best, the newest into its models, never resting on its laurels. So, no more than five years ago, the Nissan Sentra, Toyota Corolla or Honda Civic were considered the quietest cars, and no one else could achieve this level of noise isolation. And today they are hopelessly behind the Chevrolet Cruze. By the way, none of the above cars can boast of a six-speed automatic transmission.

Chevrolet Cruze will give pleasure to each of its customers, since the most budget version immediately has Bluetooth, a USB port, and other pleasant little things that were previously offered by all automakers only for an additional fee.

There is, however, a Chevrolet Cruze and a small drawback. No, this may not be a disadvantage for you, however, as well as for the company, but not everyone is delighted with a shiny dashboard. Sometimes, to create a feeling of luxury and high cost, you don’t need to use excessive shine and glitter at all.

Salon Chevrolet Cruze has a large free space, which is enough not only for the driver, but also for rear passengers, regardless of height and build. And even the steep bend of the flowing roof does not make it bend when people get on and off. In this car, you can go on long journeys without experiencing any discomfort in your legs or back. But the control panel in the Chevrolet Cruze will take some time to get used to, since the location of its components is very unusual. Although in a week you can quite get used to it.

The luxury and chic finishes of some elements are combined with cheap, tasteless plastics on the doors, as well as the dashboard. In general, beauty is a relative concept. It is not true that what one likes must necessarily please others. Everyone can find something attractive for themselves in the Chevrolet Cruze cabin.

This machine can be offered in several versions. The most economical - 1LT Cruze: a 1.4-liter turbocharged engine, an automatic six-speed gearbox, traction control and a dynamic stabilization system.

The Chevrolet Cruze has redefined small cars, raising the bar quite high. And this is quite noticeable when driving on the highway. The ride on this car is smooth, calm, with all sorts of absence of extraneous noise. Of course, not everything is perfect. Perhaps Mazda3, which, for example, can also be purchased for twenty thousand dollars, will offer better control systems and brakes. What's more, the Chevrolet Cruze lacks built-in direct injection. Whether it is needed at all is a moot point, but since competitors have it, its absence can be considered a disadvantage of this car.

There can be no questions about the operation of the engine: quiet, silent operation, very fast start. but the gearbox at some speeds begins to behave not quite adequately.

Chevrolet Cruze is a good base, which now needs to be improved so that it can take the first lines of sales leaders. In the meantime, this car is somewhat inferior, for example, to Toyota Corolla and other representatives of the class, but its time is still ahead.

Price policy

The sale of the Shvrole Tahoe and the above cars is carried out both in the primary market and in the secondary market. The risks of buying a car of this level are simple - the money is not small, but no one knows how high-quality the car will be. Real customer reviews are different. Someone talks about a quality brand, and someone talks about it as a Russian car industry.

On average, the cost of a Chevrolet is about 1 million rubles. Taha and Cruz in the normal configuration will cost their owner 2 million.

Important! For all questions, if you do not know what to do and where to turn:

Call 8-800-777-32-16.

Free legal hotline.

With the development of medicine, many drugs have appeared. But not all drugs can help, or vice versa, they help a person well. We will now try to highlight one such drug, this is Inofert.

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Source of energy and nutrients Inofert

The female body has a large number of functions and sometimes fails at the most crucial moment of life when planning or bearing a child.

In most cases, this is due to a lack of folic acid in the body. In this case, the gynecologist prescribes Inofert to the woman. What it is, what useful properties it has and what consumers' opinion about it will be discussed in this article.

Description

This drug is a dietary supplement containing inositols, better known as vitamin B8, which strengthens nails, hair, and strengthens the immune system. The second ingredient in the powder sachet was directly folic acid.

Withstands not extreme temperature effects, is not subject to changes under the influence of air masses and direct solar influence is not a hygroscopic substance.

It has the appearance of a sachet with a powder content. One sachet is for one dose. It simply dissolves in water and is taken orally. The package contains thirty bags of thirty grams. This substance is produced in Germany.

In percentage terms, these ingredients look like:

Type of active substance

The ratio in one dose / g:

1. Inositopov - 1
2. Folic acid - 0.1

Inofert, for which the reviews of specialists in the field of medicine are prescribed, sound identical:

1. Planning for pregnancy.

Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin found in liver, beans, eggs, milk, fruits, and meat products. Useful during the preparatory process of pregnancy. Due to this, the level of a possible miscarriage, the risks of defective formations are reduced. Favorably affects the normalization of cholesterol, glucose in diabetics.

Usage

The use of Inofert in pregnancy planning is actively discussed in reviews on women's forums dedicated to procreation.

Here is such an extensive range of Inofert's influence on the female body, which improves the process of functioning.

Of the shortcomings stands out:

1. High price.

For the female body

What other positive changes occur in a woman's body during the period of taking Inofert. Let's start with the fact that gynecologists prescribe this remedy to women and girls during the onset of puberty.

As previously considered mainly in the event of polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance, a violation of the ovulation process. A good decision in maintaining health after thirty-five years.

According to the instructions for use and doctor's recommendations. One portion of the powder is diluted in clean water and drunk. For best effect It should be taken either before meals or at the very moment of dinner. It is taken once, less often twice a day, depending on the associated problem requiring treatment.

On average, it is necessary to continue treatment to restore menstruation for one month, in case of infertility and lack of ovulation from three to six months.

If there is a complex problem, then there is an increase in dosages, they will be two sachets in the morning, and the same amount in the evening.

You can take it for a long period of time, since there are practically no side effects, there are rare exceptions.

There is an improvement hormonal background and metabolic profile. Additional positive developments highlighted by consumers were:

1. improving, improving the quality and restoring the normalization of the process of egg maturation;
2. increased chances of getting pregnant and carrying a fetus;
3. cure for polycystic ovary syndrome;
4. decrease in insulin in people who are prone to fullness and have diabetes mellitus;
5. increased progesterone and glycoprotein-binding hormones;
6. decreased testosterone levels and luteinizing hormones.

Here is such an extensive range of Inofert's influence on the female body.

A number of functions and useful properties of Inoferton:

1. Overcoming PCOS, acne, hirsutism, failure in the menstrual cycle.
2. Increased fertility, improved egg quality, increased chances of conception.
3. Reduced symptoms of PMS.
4. Fighting overweight and high insulin levels.
5. Decreased depression and anxiety.

Inofert for weight loss reviews of women who have been actively using it throughout the year. There is a gradual weight loss, without introducing the body into stress, the metabolism and the condition of the skin, hair and nails improve.

Taking the drug during pregnancy does not cause clinical side effects, but should be strictly monitored by a doctor in order to prevent a high rate of it in the body.

Inofert is also prescribed for therapeutic purposes against infertility, stimulating the process of improving the eggs, before artificial insemination or ovulation stimulation processes are carried out.

It is worth starting to take a biologically active supplement only after the recommendations of the doctor and the tests passed. To make sure there is no allergic reaction.

Reasons to use Inofert before in vitro fertilization (IVF):

1. Ensuring the maturation of a high-quality egg, which will be sent for fertilization.
2. Support for active spermatozoa during the conception procedure.
3. Reducing the risks of a defective process in chromosomes.
4. There is no need to take a large amount of hormonal medication.

In addition, dietary supplements effectively help with damage to internal organs received during life, the systematic development of the body under the influence of age-related changes.

It is also planned to take Inofert in the first trimester of pregnancy. Thus, the body of a woman and the formation of a child will be saturated with folic acid and B vitamins. Forming the nervous tissues of the developing organism, it compensates for the lack of micro and macro components, and normalizes the working process of sex hormones. But this is done only under strict medical supervision.

For men

Inofert also has a positive effect on the male body. It balances the lack or excess of the number of chromosomes in spermatozoa. The scientific name for this defect is aneuploidy. It provokes problems at the time of conception, and also triggers a mechanism for the development of gene diseases in the fetus. Powder substance Inofert accelerates the maturation of spermatozoa, improves the quality of sperm.

If a married couple takes dietary supplements together, then the effectiveness will be twice as high, as a result of which conception will occur with a high percentage of probability, and the child will be much safer and easier to bear.

Interaction with other drugs

There are a number medicines, which actively influence the process of assimilation of vitamin B by the body. For a full-fledged effect, it is necessary to discuss with the doctor the drugs already taken and their effect on Inofert.

It is scientifically substantiated that folic acid and inositols are practically not absorbed with the following list of drugs:

1. Almagel and Maalox - worsen the absorption of vitamins B9.
2. Aspirin in large quantities, contraceptives, courses of therapeutic treatment with nitrofuranocides reduce the concentrated composition of folic acids in the blood plasma substance.
3. If you combine vitamin B12, tocopherol and bifidobacteria, then absorption will improve.
4. Choline-containing substances, inositomes, form lecithin, thereby enhancing the active functions of vitamin E.
5. Alcoholic, caffeinated drinks, sulfonamides destroy the properties of biologically active additives.

As for the side effects of Inofert, they are relatively rare in the presence of individual rejection of the organisms that make up the substances.

In this case, an allergic reaction appears in the form of:

1. itching;
2. urticaria;
3. skin rashes;
4. mild nausea;
5. drawing pain in the lower abdomen.

The composition does not contain synthetic substances, specialized additives, additional components. Only vitamin group B, in which B8 and B9 predominate. The effect is enhanced during meals.

The advantages of Inoferton are:

1. It is convenient to use, as there is a packaging according to grams, there is no need to measure the right amount.
2. Improving the quality of the work of the eggs and, according to the results of the tests, increases the stimulation cycle.
3. Decreased testosterone levels.
4. Nervous excitability decreases.
5. Improves the condition of the skin, hair and nails.
6. No side effect or allergy.

Of the shortcomings stands out:

1. High price.
2. Not always the achievement of goals and objectives.
3. Unable to take on the road.

The days of menstrual cycles, the onset of the ovulation process and other changes in the body do not have any effect on the effectiveness of the drug.

If these symptoms appear, you should definitely visit your doctor and get a consultation. If a dietary supplement is found to be inconsistent, refuse to use it, giving preference to analogues that do not contain substances that are an allergen.

Contraindications

In accordance with Inofert's instructions, there are no contraindications and restrictions on use. The only exception is the ban on taking dietary supplements for children who have not reached puberty.

You can buy it at any pharmacy without a prescription from a doctor.

Strict adherence to storage requirements will ensure safe intake and long-term consumption of dietary supplements. Can be used throughout three years, after which it must be disposed of.

The average cost of the drug in different pharmacy chains ranges from 900 to 1200 rubles, depending on the remoteness of the settlement from the manufacturer of this drug.

There are official web pages of the manufacturer, where the cost is lower, since there are no intermediaries, high quality. Thanks to the support service, you can get advice on current issues, recommendations for purchasing, payment and delivery.

Consumer opinions

What Inofert is, what benefits it brings to the body, the information is detailed in the course of the article. And what kind of feedback does Inofert receive from those whom it helped, we will consider further.

Women who have problems with ovulation for a long time, after taking the drug for a year, note improvements in this area and a long-term positive result.

Also, when the cycle fails, taking it with food for several months, stabilization and alignment occur, periodic pains disappear.

For those who plan to undergo IVF, it will reduce hyperstimulation and improve the quality of UC.

Inofert reviews who helped get pregnant with polycystic disease also show a positive trend. It provokes an active process of ovulation and conception, reduces the process of the disease.

There are times when pregnancy does not occur, but at the same time the skin color improves, acne in the face and back area disappears, the female reproductive system comes into balance.

There are a large number of reviews on the Internet, they do not have a negative connotation. Some consumers are grateful to Inofert for the good and expected results, others simply improved their health.

It is worth remembering that before taking a dietary supplement, you need to consult a doctor. Passing tests that track the level:

1. sex hormone;
2. the amount of folic acid in the body;
3. number of inosines.

It is worth taking it only if there are deviations in these areas. It does not affect the human mind, which allows you to control the machine and complex mechanisms.

The effectiveness of Inofert has been verified by a large number of client base and has proven itself in achieving the goals:

1. Restoration of the menstrual cycle.
2. Planning for pregnancy.
3. Lack of folic acid in the body.
4. Normalization of the production of sex hormones.
5. The efficiency of the reproductive systems.

Mnofert contains no sugar, gluten or allergens. But, nevertheless, before use, be sure to consult a doctor.

The presence of inositols increases female fertility, accelerates the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome, insulin resistance, pre-diabetic state and type 2 diabetes. Serves as an antidepressant and blocks panic attacks. Reduces discomfort during premenstrual syndrome, women's health supplement for women. The working functions of the ovaries are improved.

Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin found in liver, beans, eggs, milk, fruits, and meat products. Useful during the preparatory process of pregnancy. Due to this, the level of a possible miscarriage, the risks of defective formations are reduced. Favorably affects the normalization of cholesterol, glucose in diabetics.

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If you live in a village or own a cottage, then you have the opportunity not only to earn money by breeding animals, but also eventually become the owner of a successful business. But at the same time, it should be remembered that you can’t earn a lot of money on several hundred square meters. For a stable animal breeding business, with high turnover and good profits, you need a fairly large plot. But this, of course, depends on which animals to give preference to. For breeding some individuals, a large space is not needed. But let's look at this business option in order.

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Outside the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation on subjects of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have full state power (Article 73 of the Constitution). Regional authorities have the right to establish for their residents, citizens of the Russian Federation, numerous benefits and allowances that do not apply either to residents of other regions or to foreigners who have a permanent residence permit. Moscow has the status of a city of federal significance, i.е. equated with other subjects of the federation; city ​​legislation is equal to the regional one.

Pension for foreigners

The most popular questions and answers on pensions for foreigners Question: In connection with the recent political events, we became refugees from Ukraine. Therefore, the question is of interest: “How to get a pension for refugees from Ukraine?” Answer: In general, the procedure is similar to that described earlier. Moreover, Ukrainians need to obtain a certificate confirming their refugee status.
The certificate is issued by the migration service. The second document is information about the termination of payments at the place of previous residence. If a Ukrainian refugee is registered for the first time, he/she shall provide an insurance number of an individual personal account and documentation of the length of service and average earnings per month for any 60 months up to January 1, 2002.

Getting a pension with a residence permit in Russia

Federal Law No. 167-FZ of December 15, 2001 (as amended on December 19, 2016) “On Compulsory Pension Insurance in the Russian Federation (as amended and supplemented, effective from January 1, 2017)” Federal Law of February 19, 1993 N 4528-I "On Refugees" Types of pension support for foreigners The legislation of the Russian Federation describes such payments, which are appointed to compensate for lost earnings in insurance cases:

1. Insurance.
2. Cumulative.
3. Social.
4. By state security.

Important: citizens of other countries can apply for any of the following, subject to the conditions prescribed in legislative acts:

• No. 400-FZ "On insurance pensions";
• No. 242-FZ "On funded pension".

In accordance with Article 22.1 of the Federal Law No. 167, for a foreign worker, the employer transfers contributions to the Pension Fund in the amount of 22% of the accrued salary.

Registration of a pension with a residence permit

If a resident of one of these states worked in Russia, but currently lives within the borders of his native state, then, despite the location, he is entitled to pensions. Registration of a pension The following documents should be collected:

• passport of a citizen of the native country;
• residence permit with registration mark;
• SNILS;
• extract from the individual personal account of the applicant.

When applying for certain types of pension, you will need:

• certificates certifying the change of name, surname, patronymic, if such a thing happened;
• medical examination certificates confirming a person's disability;
• certificates confirming that the applicant has dependent minors.

The next step is to apply with the listed documents to the FIU at the place of residence or place of actual residence or at the MFC.

Pension for foreign citizens in Russia

• Collect a package of necessary documents.
• Submit an application accompanied by evidence.
• Get a receipt stating that the specialist has accepted the entire package:

• check whether it contains a list of submitted documents, the date and personal signature of a civil servant.

• Wait for the issue to be resolved.
Important: legal review lasts ten working days:

• If the pension is assigned, it will begin to accrue from the date:
  • appeals;
  • entitlement to a preference.
• In case of refusal, the FIU will inform the applicant within 5 days from the date of the decision, indicating:
  • specific reason;
  • terms and conditions of appeal.

A package of documents for citizens of other countries The logic of selecting papers is quite simple for a specialist, however, it causes difficulties for applicants for pensions.

We receive pension benefits in the Russian Federation along with a residence permit

Here is a standard list of required papers:

• Residence permit (you can download the application here, a sample of filling out - here);
• passport of the country of which the citizen is a citizen;
• insurance pension certificate;
• work book of the Russian sample;
• salary certificates for certain years;
• documentary evidence of work in hazardous production;
• certificates from other places of work, certified extracts from work books;
• papers on the change of surname;
• documentary evidence of disability.

Apply for a pension in advance, approximately 60 days in advance. A work book issued in Russia may not be required, especially if you already have the right to confirm a pension in another country.

Registration of a pension with a residence permit

According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens have the right to receive a pension in the country, only if they live permanently in Russia. That is, in fact, they have a residence permit. They receive a pension on the same basis as established for citizens of the Russian Federation. Today in our country there is corporate insurance, independent funded insurance for retirement, as well as compulsory insurance, which forms standard pension payments.
If you have a residence permit, a person receives a pension until the period of the residence permit expires. In this case, the payment of the insurance pension will be terminated until the person extends required documents. How to get a pension with a residence permit

1. First of all, you will need to collect all the necessary documents that are established by the legislation of our country.

Some cities set minimum payments for retirees. So in Moscow installed minimum dimensions pensions for persons registered at the place of residence in the city:

• more than 10 years;
• less than 10 years old.

If the pension for foreigners in Moscow is less than the established value for the year of payment, the difference is paid to them. We hope that the article was useful to you. We will be grateful if you share it on social networks.